“Arto Annila and collaborators in a series of papers (summarized in his review with Stanley Salthe (Annila and Salthe 2010)) describe entropy with a formula superficially similar to Boltzmann's: S = k In P. But here, Annila et al. have redefined the concept of probability, used by Boltzmann. Annila introduced the concept of ‘physical probability’, which encompasses isoenergetic configurations of a system but also its dynamic change due to internal transformation of energy within the system, along with influx and efflux of energy into and out of the system, respectively. Annila based his reasoning on the analysis of a chemical system, which tends to achieve a state of maximum probability by maximizing its entropy (or, in other words, minimizing its free energy). The energy difference, a gradient of energy, is the motive force that drives a chemical reaction. In standard chemical thermodynamics, a difference between chemical potentials (free energy) of products and substrates [typo: reactants] has been named the affinity of the reaction (Kondepudi and Prigogine 1998), but Annila’s notion of affinity also includes a portion of energy that influxes into the system from its surroundings. He applied the term ‘stationary state’ specifically to the state of a system in which there is an energy balance between the system and its surroundings, and claimed that an influx of energy turns an improbable equilibrium state to a probable nonequilibrium state. Similarly, an efflux of energy from an improbable nonequilibrium state turns it to a probable equilibrium state.”