| Intensive Variable | Extensive Variable | Energy | Function | Product | Person | |
| Pressure P | Volume dV | pressure-volume work | δW | pdV | Clapeyron (1834) | |
| Temperature T | Entropy dS | internal work (transformational content energy) | δQ | TdS | Clausius (1865) | |
| Chemical potential μ | Particle number dn | species transfer work | μdn | Gibbs (1876) | ||
| Force F | Length dx | stress-strain work | Fdx | Hooke (1660) | ||
| Electromotive force ε | Charge de | electrical work | εde | Gibbs (1876) - Helmholtz (1882) | ||
| Surface tension γ (superficial tension σ) | Surface area dA (area of surface considered s) | surface work | γdA (σδs) | Gibbs (1876) | ||
| Gravitational potential ψ | Mass dm | gravitation work | ψdm | |||
| Electric field E | Electric dipole moment dp | electric polarization | Edp | |||
| Magnetic field B | Magnetic moment dm | magnetic polarization | Bdm |