—
3
Albert Einstein(1879-1955)
(LGS:1)
[MP:1]
[PFP:2]
[GHS:1]
[Kanowitz 50:2]
[Cropper 30:1|R]
[RGM:2|1,500+] (Murray 4000:9|CS / 2|P) (HD:52) (DN:5.5±) (RE:76) (CR:523) German physicist and philosopher; he is #6 in genius meta-analysis rankings; epicenter genius (IQavg:210); a triple scientific revolutions genius; blue sky problem theorist; [GPE]; known for: the light quanta hypothesis (quantum mechanics); his 1919 general theory of relativity predicted the existence of gravitational waves (as shown adjacent); noted in: radiation thermodynamics; kept a bust of Goethe in his study, and Goethe's works were the most predominant amid his personal library (see: Einstein's library).
—
2
Isaac Newton(1643-1727)
(LGS:0)
[MP:2]
[PFP:1]
[Kanowitz 50:1]
[Cropper 30:2|M]
(Neerden 57:9)
(James 50:4)
(Cattell 1000:14) [RGM:3|1,500+] (Murray 4000:2|CS / 1|P / 2|M) (EPD:F0) (GR:1) (SIG:1) (RE:84) (CR:595) English physicist, chemistry, mathematician, and philosopher; noted for his 1686 Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, where he introduced the laws of motion, which he applied to both falling apples and falling planets; the #1 in genius meta-analysis rankings; triple scientific revolutions genius; blue sky problem theorist; [GPE] [GME]; known for: mechanics, gravitational theory; his Query 31 launched affinity chemistry (the key behind Goethe's 1809 Elective Affinities) and well as physical chemistry; known for: differential equations, optics, etc; IQ of 250+ (Azak, 2011). 
—
4
James Maxwell(1831-1879)
[MP:3]
[PFP:4.5]
[Kanowitz 50:9]
[Cropper 30:2|EM]
(Cattell 1000:N/A) [RGM:112|1,500+] (Murray 4000:20|CS / 9|P) (EPD:M8) (DN:4±) (RE:48) (CR:437) Scottish mathematical physicist;“Was it a god that wrote these signs, revealing the hidden and mysterious forces of nature around me, which fill my heart with quiet joy?”
— Ludwig Boltzmann (1893), on Maxwell’s equations, inspired by opening monologue of Goethe’s Faust; which, itself, he considered the “greatest of all works of art”
a dual scientific revolutions genius; blue sky problem theorist; known for: electromagnetic theory, model of the electromagnetic force (pictured), kinetic theory, thermodynamics (graphical thermodynamics); highest-ranked "magnitude genius" (prolific output in short time); one of the three shoulder genius Einstein said (Ѻ) he stood on; first-slating: 195-215 (c.2015).
—
89
Niels Bohr (1885-1962)
(LGS:1)
[MP:4]
[PFP:6]
[GHS:4]
[Kanowitz 50:11]
[Cropper 30:2|QM]
[RGM:47|1,500+] (LGS:1) (CR:76) Danish physicist; his 1913 “Bohr model” of the atom proposed that normally each electron in an atom is confined to a particular electron shell or what he called “orbits” (see: molecular orbital theory), which may be spherical as well as elliptical, but that—in very a very science-redefining way—an electron can move or "jump" between adjacent orbits or orbitals only when the atom (or electron?) emits or absorbs a certain quantum amount (energy element amount) of radiant energy, of the amount ‘hν’, where h is Planck’s constant and ν (nu) is the frequency of the electromagnetic energy or light emitted or absorbed; first-slating: IQ:175-185 (c.2016); downgrade ↓ from 185|#77 to 180|#90 following digestion of his Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (1958) lectures, wherein he attempts to defend, in a puerile middle ground sense, the concepts of life, free will, and teleological like purpose, via recourse to uncertainty principle arguments (Oct 2018). 
—
11
Galileo Galilei(1564-1642)
[MP:6]
[PFP:3]
[Kanowitz 50:3]
[Cropper 30:1|M]
(Neerden 57:1)
(James 50:1)
(Cattell 1000:46) [RGM:4|1,500+] (Murray 4000:2|CS / 5|P / 2|A) [GPE:5] (CR:157|#24) Italian scientist; “Many years ago, I accepted Copernicus’ theory, and from that point of view I discovered the reasons for numerous natural phenomena which unquestionably cannot be explained by the conventional cosmology. I have written down many arguments as well as refutations of objections. These, however, I have not dared to publish up to now. For I am thoroughly frightened by what happened to our master, Copernicus. Although he won immortal fame among some persons, nevertheless among countless – for so large is the number of fools – he became a target of ridicule and derision. I would of course have the courage to make my thoughts public, if there were more people like you. But since there aren’t, I shall avoid this kind of activity.”
— Galileo Galilei (1596), “Letter to Johannes Kepler”, after receiving copy of Kepler’s The Cosmic Mystery
a #6 in genius meta-analysis rankings; dual scientific revolutions genius; ; known for: dynamics, vacuum theory, temperature, astronomy, heliocentric theory; intellectual giant to Einstein; first draft slating: IQ:185-200 (c.2014).
—
32
Paul Dirac(1902-1984)
(LGS:1)
[MP:8]
[PFP:7.5]
[Kanowitz 50:28]
[Cropper 30:1|PP]
—
27
Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961)
[MP:9]
[PFP:9]
[Kanowitz 50:24]
[Cropper 30:6|QM]
—
6
Rudolf Clausius(1822-1888)
—
48
Richard Feynman (1918-1988)
[PFP:4]
[Kanowitz 50:4]
[Cropper 30:2|PP]
—
5
Willard Gibbs(1839-1903)
[FMP:148]
—
96
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
[PFP:10]
[Kanowitz 50:2]
[Cropper 30:1|EM]
—
90
Werner Heisenberg(1901-1976)
(LGS:1)
[MP:5]
[PFP:10.5]
[GHS:7]
[Kanowitz 50:13]
[Cropper 30:4|QM]
—
23
Carl Gauss (1777-1855)
—
163
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
[MP:10]
[Kanowitz 50:14]
[Cropper 30:2|NP]
—
43
Enrico Fermi (1901-1954)
[GHS:5]
[Kanowitz 50:21]
[Cropper 30:4|NP]
—
21
Gottfried Leibniz(1646-1716)
—
42
Max Planck(1858-1947)
[GHS:2]
[Kanowitz 50:8]
[Cropper 30:1|QM]
—
19
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
[Kanowitz 50:45]
(Neerden 57:8)
—
188
Joseph Thomson (1856-1940)
[Kanowitz 50:33]
—
83
Ettore Majorana (1906-1938)
—
9
Hermann Helmholtz(1821-1894)
—
190
Louis de Broglie(1892-1987)
[Cropper 30:4|QM]
—
335
Henry Cavendish (1731-1810)
[Kanowitz 50:18]
(James 50:8)
—
13
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
—
26
Sadi Carnot(1796-1832)
—
15
Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906)
[Cropper 30:1|SM]
—
33
Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)
[Kanowitz 50:16]
(Neerden 57:7)
(James 50:3)
—
165
James Joule (1818-1889)
[Kanowitz 50:17]
[Cropper 30:3|T]
(CR:138|#30) English physicist and engineer; “The height of the pulleys from the ground was twelve yards, and consequently, when the weights had descended through that distance, they had to be wound up again in order to renew the motion of the paddle. After this operation had been repeated sixteen times, the increase of the temperature of the water was ascertained by means of a very sensible and accurate thermometer.”
— James Joule (1845), “On the Existence of an Equivalent Relation between Heat and the Ordinary Forms of Mechanical Power” (Ѻ)(Ѻ)
together with Hermann Helmholtz and Robert Mayer, are the three main derivers of the mechanical equivalent of heat (aka the conservation of energy) the big three thinkers of Thomas Kuhn’s group of 12 independent formulators of the conservation of energy paradigm change theory; gauged at IQ 175-190 (c.2015).
—
119
Marie Curie (1867-1934)
[GHS:3]
[Kanowitz 50:10]
[Cropper 30:1|NP]
—
109
Hendrik Lorentz (1853-1928)
(Cattell 1000:N/A) [RGM:N/A|1,300+] (Murray 4000:N/A) Dutch physicist; “Lorentz is the greatest and most powerful thinker I have ever known. I never met Willard Gibbs, but, perhaps, had I done so, I might have placed him beside Lorentz.”
— Albert Einstein (1954), response to question about who were the greatest men, and most powerful thinkers he had known
a top ranked GPE; noted for his postulate that light derives from oscillating electrons in atoms; for his 1892 postulate of relativistic length contraction; many other deep-minded insights; first slating: 175|#244 (c.2017); upgraded ↑ to 180|#110 (Jun 2018).
—
81
Satyendra Bose (1894-1974)
—
10
Aristotle (384-322BC)
(Cattell 1000:6) [RGM:6|1,310+] (Murray 4000:3|CS / 1|WP) (Glenn 20:1) (Perry 80:3|Li) (CR:265|#14) [LPKE] Greek physicist philosopher; #4 in genius meta-analysis rankings; epicenter genius; first dominate blue sky problem theorist; student of Plato—teacher of Alexander the Great, the synergy and transmission of which, in Alexandria, resulted to bring about the unification of Aristotelian cosmos theory, i.e. a 55-sphere earth-centric universe model, with Egyptian astro-theology into what we now know as Christianity; first to document the Mpemba effect; in his circa 350 Metaphysics, was the first to dominantly introduced the term energy; central advocate of the nature abhors a vacuum dictum—that complete vacuums are impossible; His physics asserted that all matter had a proper place to which it tried to return, e.g. as shown by cannon ball falling back earth (photo) (Ѻ) when impelling force ceased, and that heavier objects should fall faster than lighter ones (an idea disproved by Galileo); .—
317
Charles Coulomb (1736-1806)
(James 50:9)
(Cattell 1000:N/A) [RGM:N/A|1,350+] (Murray 4000:N/A) (SIG:15) French physicist and military engineer; noted for his 1785 construction of a built a torsion balance (Ѻ), as shown, wherein, in an effort to prove Joseph Priestley's 1766 inference that the force of attraction or repulsion between two small charged spheres would be inversely proportional to the square of the separating distance, using Hooke’s spring law, and showed quantitatively that charged spheres haven an inverse proportionality relationship, which he explained formulaically (see: Coulomb’s law); first-slating: 170|#291 (Mar 2018). —
14
Pierre Laplace(1749-1827)
—
56
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
—
202
Heinrich Hertz(1857-1894)
[RGM:151|1,500+] (Murray 4000:N/A) (Kanowitz 50:24) (SIG:11) (Ѻ) German physicist; “It's of no use whatsoever. This is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxwell was right—we just have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see with the naked eye. But they are there.”
— Heinrich Hertz (1887) (Ѻ)
noted for his 1886 experimental proof, via detection of radiowaves, of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, via experimental setup as shown adjacent; first-slating: 180|#185 (Dec 2017).
—
36
Democritus (c.460-370BC)
—
24
Joseph Lagrange (1736-1813)
—
57
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
(Neerden 57:6)
—
25
Empedocles(495-435BC)
—
8
Thomas Young (1773-1829)
[Kanowitz 50:20]
Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637)
—
66
Humphry Davy (1778-1829)
—
356
Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)
William Hamilton (1805-1865)
—
18
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
(Cattell 1000:N/A) [RGM:7|1,500+] (Murray 4000:N/A) (RE:87) (CR:94|37) Serbian-born American electrical engineer, inventor, and philosopher;“I am an automaton endowed with power of movement, which merely responds to external stimuli beating upon my sense organs.”
— Nikola Tesla (1900), “The Problem of Increasing Human Energy”
known for: defunct life theory, electricity, magnetism, human energy, radio technology, alternating current, electromagnetic motors; adhered to a Goethean philosophy, to the exclusion of all other philosophies.
—
53
William Thomson(1824-1907)
[Cropper 30:5|T]
(Cattell 1000:N/A) [RGM:N/A|1,500+] (CR:361) Irish-born Scottish mathematical physicist; known for: absolute temperature (adjacent), thermodynamics; Glasgow University age 10; defended Joseph Fourier’s 1822 theory of heat over that of Philip Kelland’s 1837 heat theory (age 13); by age 15-16; published first scientific papers by age 17; in 1845 (age 21), after graduating second wrangler (Cambridge), simultaneous unearthed (↑↑) the then unknown and forgotten memoirs of Sadi Carnot’s 1824 thermodynamics memoir and George Green’s 1828 memoir on the mathematics of electricity and magnetism, now known as two of the most-original works in science; and gave the first mathematical development of Michael Faraday's idea that electric induction takes place through an intervening medium; downgrade (↓) for latter religious undertone based calculations, e.g. age of the sun, etc.; first-slating: 185-190 (c.2015). 
Walter Heitler (1904-1981)
Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)
—
264
Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-1887)
—
30
Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655)
—
294
Robert Millikan (1868-1953)
[RGM:N/A|1,330+] (Murray 4000:N/A) (CR:8) American physicist, known for his 1910 oil drop experiment (Ѻ), conducted with Harvey Fletcher, wherein they calculated the charge on a single electron (1.6 × 10E-19 C); for his 1914 work on proving Einstein’s 1905 photoelectric effect correct; downgrade for his 1928 cosmic ray anti-entropy heat death religious theory; first-slating: 175|#271 (Mar 2018). —
157
John Bardeen (1908-1991)
—
76
William Gilbert(1544-1603)
—
173
Augustin Fresnel (1788-1827)
(Cattell 1000:N/A) [RGM:N/A|1,330+] (Murray 4000:N/A) French engineer-physicist; “By the genius of Young and Fresnel the wave theory of light was established in a position so strong that hence forth the corpuscular hypothesis was unable to recruit any adherents among the younger men.”
— Edmund Whittaker (1987), A History of the Theory of Aether and Electricity (Ѻ)
co-founder, with Thomas Young, of the wave theory of light; 2018 missing (Ѻ) GPE candidate; first-slating: 180|#170 (Mar 2018).
—
143
Andre Ampere(1775-1836)
(Cattell 1000:557) [RGM:558|1,500+] (Eells 100:93) (CR:15) French physicist and mathematician;“The experimental investigations by which Ampere established the laws of mechanical action between electric currents is one of the most brilliant achievements in science. The whole, theory and experiment, seems as if it had leaped, full grown and full armed, from the brain of the ‘Newton of electricity’. It is perfect in form, and unassailable in accuracy, and it is summed up in a formula from which all the phenomena may be deduced, and which must always remain the cardinal formula of electro-dynamics.”
— James Maxwell (1873), Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Volume 2
Dubbed the “father of electrodynamics” (Heaviside, 1888); coiner of electrodynamics, the study of currents and dynamical movements; a “tortured genius” who had the phrase “Tandem felix” (“Happy, at last”) engraved on his tombstone; gauged at 180-190 (c.2015).
Guillaume Amontons (1663-1705)
Alexander Friedman(1888-1925)
Pierre Curie(1859-1906)
[GHS:9]
—
46
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
(Cattell 1000:61) [RGM:42|1,500+] (Murray 4000:8|M) (GME:18) (CR:44) French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher; at age 19 (1642), made a counting machine, impressed Descartes, with toothed wheels and gears, moving drums carrying numbers, that could add, subtract, multiply and divide; built 50 in total; in 1646 repeated Evangelista Torricelli's vacuum experiments; from 1652-64, spent all his time on the mathematics of gambling; after his 1654 brush with death (age 31) he "found god" (downgrade ↓) and thereafter seems to have lost his ability to think objectively (see: Pascal’s wager) and productively (relating all his theories to the Bible); upgrade (↑) for his Thoughts dialogues (Einstein-Pascal dialogue on purpose); dereacted at 39; down-graded from 190|#49 to 185|#47 (Feb 2017).
—
449
Guglielmo Marconi(1874-1937)
—
289
Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes (1853-1926)
William Rontgen(1845-1923)
[Kanowitz 50:50]
—
343
Lev Landau (1908-1968)
—
37
Otto Guericke (1602-1686)
[RGM:878|1,500+] (CR:112) German engineer, physicist, philosopher, diplomat;“Theories which are demonstrated by experiment and visual perception must be preferred to those derived from reasoning, however probable and plausible, for many things seem true in speculation and discussion, which in actual fact defy reality.”
— Otto Guericke (1663), New Magdeburg Experiments on the Vacuum of Space (pg. xvii)
In 1854, he experimentally disproved Aristotle's theories about space and and his view that nature abhors a vacuum; a characterized “neglected genius” (Coulson, 1943) (Ames, 1994) (Ѻ); the originality, variety, polymathly, and influence of his contributions are difficult to summarize in short; to say the least: he is the person behind the invention of the vacuum engine and the so-called: “first and greatest of the electrical discoverers”; first slated at 185|#61 (c.2017).
—
44
Henri Poincare (1854-1912)
—
360
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar(1910-1995)
—
227
Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958)
—
49
Pierre Maupertuis(1698-1758)
—
324
Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)
[Cropper 30:1|AP]
—
39
Archimedes (287-212BC)
(Cattell 1000:414) [RGM:9|1,500+] (Murray 4000:20|M / 5|T) [GME] (CR:28) Greek physicist, mathematician, and mechanical engineer; a fabled "last persons to know everything”; known for: hydrostatics, statics, the principle of the lever, steam cannon; categorized as both an “overrated genius” (Ѻ) and an “underrated genius” (Ѻ), depending. 
Hans Bethe (1906-2005)
[FMP:88]
—
77
Roger Boscovich (1711-1787)
—
84
Jean d'Alembert (1717-1783)
—
91
Johannes Kepler(1571-1630)
(Neerden 57:2)
(James 50:2)
—
270
Hans Orsted (1777-1851)
(Cattell 1000:523) [Kanowitz 50:40] (GPE:73) (CR:11) Danish physicist, chemist, and natural philosopher; noted for his 1820 discovery that when a compass is brought near a current-carrying wire, that the needle deflects, i.e. he discovered that electric currents create magnetic field, aka aka “Orsted law” (Ѻ), later shown to operate according to the “right-hand rule” (Ampere, c.1831); mentor to Ludwig Colding; supposedly shaped post-Kantian philosophy; downgrade ↓ from 180|#165 to 175|# per Buchner ridicule of his “eternal intelligence” (aka god) theory, and generally for reason that his discovery, while notable, is not as profound as followup work, e.g. Ampere, Maxwell, Faraday, etc., based this simple discovery (Feb 2019). —
101
Strato (c.335-269BC)
(Cattell 1000:N/A) [RGM:N/A|1,310+] (Murray 4000:N/A) (FA:20) Greek philosopher; nicknamed the “physicist”; successor to Theophrastus; “Equally intolerable is the inconsistency of Theophrastus, for at one moment he allots the divine primacy to mind, at another to the heavens, and yet another to the signs of the heavenly stars. Another figure unworthy of attention is Theophrastus’ disciple Strato, the one they call the ‘physicist’, for he proposes that all divine power lies in nature, which bears within it the causes of birth, growth, and diminution, but which lacks all sensation and shape.”— Cicero (45BC), On the Nature of the Gods
Strato taught in Lampsacus; where he might have known Epicurus; he attended Aristotle's school in Athens, after which he went to Egypt as tutor to Ptolemy (309–246 BC) (Ѻ), where he also taught Aristarchus (famed heliocentric theory pioneer) ↑; returned to Athens after the death (dereaction) of Theophrastus (c.287 BC), succeeding him as head of the Lyceum; he emphasized the need for exact research, and, as an example of this, he made use of the observation of how water pouring from a spout breaks into separate droplets as evidence that falling bodies accelerate; Hero’s 50AD Pneumatica, was said to overview the physics of Strato and Ctesibius, via outlining an atomic theory in which matter consists of particles mixed with distributed vacua; David Hume declared Strato’s brand of atheism to be: “the most dangerous of the ancients”; first-slating: 180|#105 (Feb 2018).
—
239
Walther Nernst (1864-1941)
—
140
Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
—
166
Robert Mayer (1814-1878)
—
92
Thales(c.624-546 BC)
—
99
John Strutt(1842-1919)
Arthur Compton (1892-1962)
—
245
Alessandro Volta(1745-1827)
(Cattell 1000:684) [RGM:140|1,500+] (SIG:13) (CR:18) Italian physicist; “What is possible to do well, in physics in particular, are those things that can be reduced to degrees and measures.”
— Alessandro Volta (c.1800) (Ѻ)
noted for his famous 1776 “animal electricity” debated with his friend Luigi Galvani on the topic of the mechanism of the twitching of dead frog legs in an electric circuit, in respect to what separates a “living thing” from a “dead thing”, moved by purely electro-physico-chemical means; which resulted in Volta inventing the battery, or “Voltaic pile”, in 1800, so to prove Galvani wrong about his animal electricity theory; first-slated 175±|#156 (c.2015).
—
100
Stephen Hawking (1942-2018)
—
112
Heraclides (387-312BC)
Greek philosopher and astronomer; proposed that the earth rotates on its axis (compare: Ecphantus (c.500BC)); posited that the soul was light; did battle with Aristotle, supposedly, on the question whether the universe is finite or infinite; and is rumored, according to Simplicius (c.590AD), to have formulated heliocentrism (or at least the precursor model to what Aristarchus (c.240BC) (IQ:175|#244) put into book form); first draft slated at 180|#115, a grade above Aristarchus. —
508
Lise Meitner (1878-1968)
[Cropper 30:3|NP]
Georges Lemaitre (1894-1996)
Wilhelm Weber (1804-1891)
Harlow Shapley (1885-1972)
—
150
Gustave Coriolis (1772-1843)
(CR:35) French physicist; noted for his 1829 Calculation of the Effect of Machines, wherein he introduced the modern formulaic definition of work as force times distance; some references assert, of note, that also in this book he introduced the introduced the factor ½ in German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz’s 1686 vis viva for the sake of mathematical convenience (others say it was Joseph Lagrange who did this in 1811); also noted for his 1835 paper, wherein he stated that “any particle moving in the northern hemisphere is deflected to the right, and any particle moving in the southern hemisphere is deflected to the left”, aka the Coriolis effect, according to which explains why toilets drain clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.
Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647)
—
79
Heraclitus (c.535-450BC)
James Chadwick(1891-1974)
Pieter Zeeman(1865-1943)
Georg Ohm(1789-1854)
Arthur Eddington (1882-1944)
Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916)
Henri Becquerel(1852-1908)
—
203
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
(Neerden 57:10)
(James 50:6)
—
244
Willem Gravesande (1688-1742)
(GPE:97) (CR:31) Dutch physicist, experimenter, mathematician, lawyer and philosopher; “Gravesande is to be ranged among the most important expounders of Newtonian physics in Europe.”
— Andrea Strazzoni (2013), Dutch Cartesianism and the Birth of Philosophy of Science (pg. 174)
noted for his circa 1718 brass ball clay surface experiments, data from which, showing that the moving ball has an energy of E = mv², rather than E = mv, as many argued, was used to resolve the vis viva controversy; did 1736 ball and ring experiments with Herman Boerhaave (as reported by Voltaire). ; first-draft slotted at #125 (Jun 2017); down-grade ↓to 175|#245 (Apr 2020).
—
248
Ernst Mach(1838-1916)
(Cattell 1000:N/A) [RGM:198|1,350+] (Murray 4000:N/A) (CR:16) Austrian physicist and philosopher; popularly known for his 1885 work on supersonic speed; he rejected the existence of god, as well as Isaac Newton’s concept of absolute time and space; he argued that no statement in science is admissible unless it is empirically verifiable, which led him to reject atomic theory, which put him in the energetics school which did battle with Boltzmann and Planck (Mach lost); Einstein (1930) said that Mach’s ideas should be considered the precursor of the general theory of relativity; first to document turning tendencies (pictured) in human movement; first slating: 175|#235 (Mar 2018). —
386
Christian Doppler(1803-1853)
(Cattell 1000:N/A) [RGM:N/A|1,350+] (Murray 4000:N/A) (Kanowitz 50|38) Austrian mathematician and physicist; noted for his 1842 explanation that observed frequency of a wave, e.g. color, depends on the relative speed of the source and the observer, aka “Doppler effect”, e.g. red shift or blue shift, which he used to explain the color of binary stars; first slating: 170|#350 (Mar 2018). 
Joseph Henry(1791-1867)
Erwin Muller (1911-1977)
Charles Wilson (1869-1959)
[RGM:N/A|1,500+] Scottish physicist and meteorologist; noted for his invention of the cloud chamber (1911). 
Ernst Siemens(1816-1892)
Carl Anderson(1905-1991)
![[Untitled]](http://image.wikifoundry.com/image/3/39b89065d75a146843b2b92b1a5ed88b/GW328H242 "[Untitled]")
American physicist; noted for his 1932 discovery of the “positron” (antielectron) particle, predicted by Paul Dirac (1927) and Ettore Majorana (1928). 
Robert Oppenheimer(1904-1967)
John Wheeler (1911-2008)
Joseph Fraunhofer(1787-1826)
Max von Laue (1879-1960)
George Gamow (1904-1968)
(1890-1971)
(1887-1915)
“We have here a proof that there is in the atom a fundamental quantity, which increases by regular steps as one passes from one element to the next. This quantity can only be the charge of the central positive nucleus, of the existence of which already have definite proof.”
— Henry Mosely (c.1914)
noted for his 1914 determination of the atomic numbers of each of the known elements.
Benjamin Thompson(1753-1814)
Oliver Lodge(1851-1940)
Osborne Reynolds(1842-1912)
(1786-1853)
Dennis Gabor (1900-1979)
—
468
Charles Townes(1915-2015)
(1793-1841)
(1889-1964)
Abdus Salam (1926-1996)
Willebrord Snell(1580-1626)
Ole Romer (1644-1710)
