Guess who's coming to dinner
The 1967 Academy Award winning film Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner? was specifically scripted so that the lead male character, Sidney Poitier (above), was introduced as an "idealistically perfect" male, in all sense of the term, so that the only objection one could make to his pairing with a white female would be his race. The film, in this sense, is a variable controlled reaction (human chemical reaction), thus allowing one to isolate and study this one particular variable. [7]
In science, racism refers to the classification of the unique properties or individuals based on race or ethnicity, as well as the study of these properties, often tending to focus on interracial phenomenon and interactions.

In a sexual selection sense, there are two general "competing factors" that come into play when people from different races react together, one being the "15° rule" (opposites attract) and the "cultural cohesion rule" (likes attract). The first, according to standard model, is generally quantified as being an enthalpic factor or heat factor, the second and an entropic factor or organizational factor. The two competing factors are balanced by the regulation of the Lewis inequality and thermodynamic coupling. [14]

Terminology correctness
The term "race", and hence "racism", in modern times, seem to generally carry a derogatory connotation; and, owing to this quagmire, it is difficult to extend on to the implementation of more politically correct or rather scientifically neutral terms and terminology, although a neutral "chemical-based" labeling would seem to be able to lend some light on this subject, e.g. the finding that different human molecules (people) have different C:N:P ratios (Redfield ratios), even among closely related species and within species groups. [12]

In a thermodynamic sense, in stead of classifying individuals by race, it would seem more intuitive to classify individuals as different types of "molecular species" defined as "sets of molecules that become distinguishable in physical interaction mechanisms", according to the Ernest Grunwald molecular thermodynamics classification scheme.

15° rule
The "15° rule" states that people tend to be most sexually attracted to ethnicities above and below their own "latitude of ethnicity" by 15 degrees. This is based on both polled survey as to with ethnicities people tend to be most sexually attracted to and the 1990s sweaty T-shirt study, which found that people are most sexually attracted to those with the most dissimilar immune system, quantified in terms of one's major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a segment of the genome that governs immune system response. The logic here being that babies made from such parings will be less inbred and more genetically robust in the immune system structure of things. This is generally considered as being an enthalpic factor or heat factor in human chemical reactions. [14]

Cultural cohesion rule
The "cultural cohesion rule" states that individuals of the same cultural background tend to attract or aggregate owing to shared cultural values. This is generally considered to be an entropic factor or organizational factor in human chemical reactions. [14]

History
The idea of classifying people in terms of “distinct racial categories” arose in the work of the eighteenth century natural historians. [1]

The view that there exist “favored races”, favored in the evolutionary sense in that some races eventually go extinct, as fossil record has shown, the Neanderthal race of humanoids being one example, seems to have come into view with the 1859 publication of English naturalist Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life, wherein he outlined the view that life is a struggle or rather competition among and between entities, constrained by limited recourses, whereby as such some races will go on evolving, whereas some will go extinct or die out. [6]

The term racism was coined or introduced in 1936. [2]

Chemistry
In chemistry, the classification of molecules in terms of “races”, based on their mutual chemical affinities and resultant optical properties in bulk, such as in crystal structures, seems to have been introduced in 1899 by Dutch physical chemist Bakhuis Roozeboom, e.g. in the terms: racemic mixture, racemate, racemic conglomerate, true racemate, pseudoracemate, quasiracemate, etc. [3] A racemic mixture, for instance, is a mixture of equal quantities of two enantiomorphs, i.e. isomers with mirror-image molecular structures, whereby in such mixtures, because the optical activity of each component exactly cancels that of the other, the racemic mixture as a whole is optically inactive. [4]

Human chemistry
In human chemistry, the premise of classifying people as being different types of molecules seems to have been introduced by American historian Henry Adams who in 1885 stated “equivalent human molecules” will tend to attract, whereas “non-equivalent human molecules” will tend to repel, and that equivalent human molecules, in the sexual pairing sense, are one’s that mutually satisfy each other’s “cravings” and who “never sound hollow anywhere.” Adams defined the study of this subject as the science of social chemistry, which he states was a subject "yet to be created". [5]

Interracial reactions
An "interracial reaction" is a type of human chemical reaction that occurs between members of different races, and has a different energetic nature than as compared to "same-race reactions". The 1967 Academy Award winning film Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? gives and inside look at the issues involved in these so-called interracial reactions. The film stars Spencer Tracy, Sidney Poitier (above, right), Katharine Hepburn, and Katharine Houghton (above, left), Hepburn’s real-life niece, which tells the story of Joanna Drayton, a young upper class white American woman who has had a whirlwind romance with an up-and-coming Dr. John Prentice, a young, idealistic African American physician, who stems from a lower class blue collar family (John's father being a retired postal carrier), and the tensions and collisions that arise.

The film is a type of "controlled reaction" scenario where all variables in the reaction are held constant except race. Specifically, according to director Stanley Kramer, he and screenwriter William Rose intentionally structured the film to debunk ethnic stereotypes; the young doctor, a typical role for the young Sidney Poitier, was purposely created "idealistically perfect", so that the only possible objection to his marrying Joanna would be his race, or the fact she had only known him for ten days: the character has thus graduated from a top school, begun innovative medical initiatives in Africa, refused to have premarital sex with his fiancée despite her willingness, and leaves money on his future father-in-law's desk in payment for a long distance phone call he has made. All actors signed on to this film without reading the script, solely based on this premise.
Gibbs free energy vs equilibrium constant
A tabulated view of the nature of the greater than > or less than < zero inequality aspects of the standard Gibbs free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant Keq quantification methods of reactions, expressed by the van’t Hoff equation, ΔG° = – RT ln Keq, for a generic reversible reaction, e.g. A + B ⇌ C + D, where a large positive equilibrium constant (ΔG ≪ 0) signifies a reaction that goes strongly, completely, and spontaneously in the forward direction towards the formation of products. [8]

Thermodynamics
To go through a hypothetical example, to illustrate that, in reality there do exist quantifiable differences in Gibbs free energy changes, same race reactions vs interracial reactions, suppose we were to introduce 100 single women A and a 100 single men B into a reactive system, such as a senior year high school setting, and let them react over the course of a semester (assumed to last 100 days).

To make the example realistic we will assume four different reaction scenarios: of the various possible combinations of white and black couples: (a) white - white, (b) black - black, (c) white male - black female, and (d) black male - white female. The reason we do this to get four different final state equilibrium concentrations and thus four different Gibbs free energy change measurements.

This can be explained in terms of the spontaneity criterion. Specifically, it is known that all earth-bound freely going reactions are governed by the Lewis inequality (ΔG < 0), hence both interracial reactions and same race reactions can be studied in terms of the variables of chemical thermodynamics. In inequality notation, the much greater than (a ≪ b) or much less than (a ≪ b) notations depict levels of spontaneity in the quantification of chemical reactions, according to the following rules:

● The notation ΔG ≪ 0 (as compared to ΔG < 0) means that the free energy change for the process is much less than zero and will thus be greatly spontaneous.
● The notation ΔG ≫ 0 (as compared to ΔG > 0) means that the free energy change for the process is much greater than zero and will thus be greatly non-spontaneous.

This much greater than and much less than notation is thus greatly relevant to the processes involved in actions of human existence, such as in falling in love or spontaneously completing a masterpiece, both of which being processes quantified by ΔG ≪ 0, which contrasts to relationship states or destruction or weakly happening processes that may be near the break-up point ΔG < 0, at the breakup point ΔG = 0, past the break up point ΔG > 0, or much past the break up point ΔG ≫ 0.

This can be expressed in terms of an equilibrium constant, or the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants. In a reactive system of 100 single men A and a 100 single women B, each sex assumed to be the same generic type of molecule, for instance, the pairing reaction would have the form:

A + B ⇌ AB

and the equilibrium constant for this reaction would be:

K_{eq}=\frac{[AB]}{[A][B]} \,

Interracial pairing poll
Polled opinions of 51 people (29 men, 22 women) as to what actually would occur in four possible scenarios; the "percentage" column being the average opinion as to what percentage of the student body would be classified as being in a relationship with someone, in some way or another, at the final state (day 100) of the hypothetical school semester reaction, all reactants assumed to be unbonded, i.e. single and never been acquainted before, in the initial state (day 1). [9]
Hence, if the value of ΔG° is negative (Keq positive), termed an exergonic reaction, then the reaction will proceed from left to right, and the more negative the value of ΔG°, the further towards the right will the reaction proceed. If the value of ΔG° is positive (Keq negative), termed an endergonic reaction, the reaction proceeds in the reverse direction as written or from right to left.

To summarize, in our first hypothetical case all of the men A are white and all of the women B are white; second scenario that men A are black and all the women B are black; third scenario that all of the woman A are black and all of the men B are white; forth scenario that all of the women A are white and all of the men B are black, in each case, the couples that form being a dihumanide molecule A≡B, a distinct type of "chemical species" different from that of the single unattached human molecule.

In terms of reaction extent (timeline), we will assume that the initial state is the start of the school year and that the final state is a hundred days into the school year, a point which we will assume to be in the chemical equilibrium state, wherein the forward reaction (combinations) is equally favored as the reverse reaction (dissolutions).

The equilibrium constant Keq for the first scenario, i.e. for the hypothetical white male WM white female WF reaction system, in which 43% of the student body forms couples:

WM + WF ⇌ WMWF

is calculated as follows:

Keq W-male W-female

Also shown, in the last column, is the Gibbs free energy change ΔG for the reaction, assuming the following equation holds as a valid determination of the free energy change for this reaction:

\Delta G = -RT \ln K_{eq} \,

where we neglect the facts that (a) we are using a gas constant-based equation for a surface attached reaction and (b) that our units are "per unit mol", whereas in human-human reaction our scenario we are dealing with about 200 human molecules, compared to 10^{27} \,molecules in standard "mol" units, an issue which brings into question the "hmol" units problem, and assume a room temperature reaction state of 72° F (295 K):

\Delta G = - \left ( 8.314 \frac{J}{K \cdot mol} \right ) \left ( 295 K \right ) \ln K_{eq} \,

The equilibrium constant Keq and free energy change ΔG for the second scenario, i.e. for the hypothetical black male BM black female BF reaction system in which 49% of the student body forms couples:

BM + BF ⇌ BMBF

is calculated as follows:

Initial state

Final state

Equilibrium constantΔG
100 A
49 AB[AB] = 0.325
 K_{eq}=\frac{0.325}{(0.338)(0.338)} \,(kJ/mol)
100 B
51 A[A] = 0.338


200 species
51 B[B] = 0.338




151 species

Keq = 2.84-2.56

The equilibrium constant Keq and free energy change ΔG for the third scenario, i.e. for the hypothetical black female BF white male WM reaction system in which 22% of the student body forms couples:

BF + WM ⇌ BFWM

is calculated as follows:

Initial state

Final state

Equilibrium constantΔG
100 A
22 AB[AB] = 0.124
 K_{eq}=\frac{0.124}{(0.438)(0.438)} \,(kJ/mol)
100 B
78 A[A] = 0.438


200 species
78 B[B] = 0.438




178 species

Keq = 0.646-1.07

The equilibrium constant Keq and free energy change ΔG for the forth scenario, i.e. for the hypothetical black male BM white female WF reaction system in which 30% of the student body forms couples:

BM + WF ⇌ BMWF

is calculated as follows:

Initial state

Final state

Equilibrium constantΔG
100 A
30 AB[AB] = 0.176
 K_{eq}=\frac{0.176}{(0.412)(0.412)} \,(kJ/mol)
100 B
70 A[A] = 0.412


200 species
70 B[B] = 0.412




170 species

Keq = 1.04-0.096

The following table shows the free energy change for each reaction, ranked in descending order of spontaneity:

Couple typeΔG
(kJ/mol)
KeqSpecies
(end state)		PΔV
(species decrease)		%
(couples)
BM≡BF-2.56} -2.172.84151-4949
WM≡WF-1.782.07157-4343
BM≡WF-0.096} -0.581.04170-3030
BF≡WM-1.070.65178-2222

One aspect we can note about this data is that the first reaction, i.e. the BM≡BF pair forming reaction, is seems to be most enthalpically favored in the sense that it shows the most species decrease (-49) of the four hypothetical reactions, meaning that this reaction will show the greatest change in pressure-volume work PdV energy, on the factors in enthalpy change:

Expansion and contraction (working body)
Left: the expansion phase of a standard heat cycle. Right: the contraction phase of a standard heat cycle.
ΔH = ΔU + PΔV

which in turn is a factor of the free energy change:

ΔG = ΔH – TΔS

To explain this "pressure volume" energy visually, if we assume, for simplicity's sake, that each species, whether single A or paired AB, has a constant volume, say of about 300 cubic meters (twice the average volume of a typical 500 square foot apartment), depicted by the following average "species volume" sized human molecular orbital:

species volume

that in a situation where, say four reactant species chemically transform to yield three product species, that the system would show a volume decrease:

species volume decrease

and that this system "volume decrease" would be similar to the contraction stroke of a typical heat engine cycle, wherein the working body is put in contact with a cold body, whereby resultantly a certain quantity of heat Q of removed from the working body, during which process the working body contracts according to Boerhave's law. Hence, in the freely-going surface reaction scenario, the system contraction would correspond to a specific amount of heat release (dQ < 0) to the effect that the reaction would be considered as being exothermic (ΔH < 0).

A second fact we can discern from this data is that the same race reaction pairings, on average, seem to yield a greater negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔG = -2.14), than as compared to alternate race reaction pairings (ΔG = -0.58), meaning that there will be more available energy or useful energy for the production of the work, in the former as compared to the latter scenario. This so-called "cultural barrier" to reaction is generally assumed to be attributed to be a factor in the entropy change ΔS of the reaction, to the effect that pairings of "like" cultural values will result in more ordered arraignments.

Integration and segregation
See main: Integration and segregation thermodynamics
The aspect that the race-difference scenario brings into play are primarily the heightened social and cultural barriers to reaction, which is assumed to be quantified by a heightened activation energy barrier EA to successful reaction, in a chemical thermodynamics sense, and is corroborated, in an experimental sense, by the findings of actual tested integration studies that when different cultures are forcibly mixed, likes will attract towards likes into ethnic enclaves.

To exemplify, in 2006, Venezuelan-born English chemical engineer and integration and segregation thermodynamicist Erich Muller, commented on how people are like interactive molecules in fluid systems and how individual characteristics, ethnic nuances, and social behaviors of different types of people account for the collective behaviors seen in society, similar to how oil and water will separate into like groups after mixing owing to the differences in the electromagnetic attraction and repulsion interactions of the two types of molecules. [10]

To justify his position, Muller cites the famous integration experiment done in Copenhagen, where social scientists tried to integrate the immigrant population with the otherwise homogeneous population by placing people in different parts of the city, but where eventually, as was found, the immigrants moved together and "formed a ghetto" or local enclave. [11] Hence, we can conclude that phenomenon such as the natural spontaneous formation of ghettos or local enclaves in society form because it "works" better this way in the sense of the release of greater amounts of available energy.

Schelling segregation
An oft-cited racism theory, particularly in the human physics community, is that of American economist Thomas Schelling who in his 1969 article "Models of Segregation" showed that a small preference for one's neighbors to be of the same color could lead to total segregation. He used coins on graph paper to demonstrate his theory by placing pennies and nickels in different patterns on the "board" and then moving them one by one if they were in an "unhappy" situation. The positive feedback cycle of segregation causing increased prejudice, and prejudice increasing preference for separated living can be found in most human populations, with great variation in what are regarded as meaningful differences– gender, age, race, ethnicity, language, sexual preference, religion, etc. Once a cycle of separation-prejudice-discrimination-separation has begun, it has a self-sustaining momentum. [15]

See also
● Law of racial thermodynamics

References
1. Jackson, John P. and Weidman, Nadine M. (2005). Race, Racism, and Science: Social Impact and Interaction (section: Darwin’s Argument in the Origin of Species, pgs. 63-). Rutgers University Press.
2. Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary (2000).
3. Racemic mixture – Wikipedia.
4. Clark, John O.E. (2004). The Essential Dictionary of Science. Barnes & Noble Books.
5. Gooch, George P. (1913). History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century (human molecule, pg. 240). Longmans, Green, and Co.
6. Darwin, Charles. (1859). The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life (race, 23+ pgs, races, 42+ pgs). Publisher.
7. (a) Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (1967) – Wikipedia.
(b) Interracial marriage was illegal in 17 states the month of its release.
(c) The 1967 case of Loving v. Virginia legalized interracial marriage in the US.
(d) Martin Luther King, mentioned in the film, was assassinated in 1968.
8. Blaxter, Kenneth L. (1989). Energy Metabolism in Animals and Man (pgs. 68-69). CUP Archive.
9. Thims, Libb. (2011). "Poll [N=51]: What percentage of high school students would form couples, in each of the four hypothetical reaction scenarios (WM≡WF, BM≡BF, BF≡WM, BM≡WF) by the end of the semester (100-days)?", Mar. Chicago: IoHT Publications.
10. Ethnic enclaves – Wikipedia.
11. (a) Gallagher, Laura. (2006). “A Thermodynamic Personality: Interview with Erich Müller”, Reporter, Issue 162, 24 February.
(b) Müller, Erich. A. (1998). “Human Societies: a Curious Application of Thermodynamics" (scan) (abstract) Chemical Engineering Education, Vol. 1, No. 3, Summer.
12. Sterner, Robert W. and Elser, James J. (2002). Ecological Stoichiometry: the Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere (Redfield ratios, human molecule, pg. 3). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
13. Grunwald, Ernest. (1997). Thermodynamics of Molecular Species (pg. 3). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
14. (a) Thims, Libb. (2007). Human Chemistry (Volume One). Morrisville, NC: LuLu.
(b) Thims, Libb. (2007). Human Chemistry (Volume Two). Morrisville, NC: LuLu.
15. Schelling, Thomas. (1969). “Models of segregation”, The American Economic Review, 59(2): 488-493.

External links
● Racism – Wikipedia.

TDics icon ns