A depiction of a "social Newton", namely one who can "calculate the madness of men", as Newton longed for, via mechanistic, physics, chemistry, and or thermodynamical reasoning, and predictive governing equations.

See also: Social Newtons (existive)

Social Newtons | Classical
	Person __________________________________	CR		Δ	Hu	IQ	Citation[s] / Quotes (related)	Translations-to-English (needed)
1	Johann Goethe (1749-1832) German polyintellect PCR, LTE, LR:30|#2	1069	R	A	C	— 1	Quote: “1642 [Newton’s birth] is the Christmas of the modern age.” Quote: “The moral symbols of nature are the elective affinities: discovered and employed by Bergman.”
2.	Henry Adams (1838-1918) American historian LTE, LR:5|17	368	R	CT	M	— 20	Quote: “A complete solution—to the future science of physico-chemical social dynamics— seems to call for the aid of another Newton.” (1910)
3.	Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) Italian engineer PCR	211	R	T	M	— 22	“Newton of sociology” (Bernard DeVoto, 1933) (Ѻ) “Newton of the moral world.” (Werner Stark, 1963) [13] “If Pareto had truly joined the social sciences to the natural sciences, an achievement Henderson very much wanted to see, it is only to be expected that he would put Pareto in the great company of Gibbs, Bernard, and even Newton.” (Bernard Barber, 1970) “A modern Galileo for the social sciences” (Henderson's view (c.1942), according to Barber, 1970)	French, Italian
4.	Leon Winiarski (1865-1915) Polish social economist	101		T		— 58	In his Essay on Social Mechanics (1898), he attempted to base sociology on the Clausius inequality; which he discusses in the following form:	French, Italian
5.	Norman Dolloff (1907-1984) American metallurgical engineering geologist	37		CT		— 59	In his Heat Death and the Phoenix (1975), he gives the following what might be called "organism synthesis equation": Classified as the transition point mindset of someone grappling to switch from the entropy "order/disorder" model of everything to the "free energy" model of everything; all done in the framework of explicit atheism.
6.	Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) German philosopher	182		T		— 29	“All that we need and that could possibly be given us in the present state of development of the sciences, is a chemistry of the ‘moral’, ‘religious’, ‘aesthetic’ conceptions and ‘feeling’, as well as of those ‘emotions’ which we experience in the affairs, great and small, of society and civilization, and which we are sensible of even in solitude.” — Friedrich Nietzsche (1778), aphorism #1 of 1,400 in: Human, All Too Human
7.	Frederick Rossini (1899-1990) American chemical thermodynamicist	146		CT	C	— 138	In his “Chemical Thermodynamics in the Real World” (1971), he stated very directly that via the following equation: we can come to understand the paradox between freedom and security in society.
8.	Lawrence Henderson (1878-1942) American physical chemist	177		CT	C	— 102	Ran the Harvard Pareto circle (1932-1942) AND taught a Gibbs-Pareto system based "Sociology 23" course at Harvard (1938-1942).
9.	Edwin Wilson (1879-1964) American mathematician	38	E	CT			Taught a Gibbs-based "Mathematical Economics" course at Harvard (1935-1938) AND told Paul Samuelson to use Gibbs' "equation 133": to formulate a theory of economic stability.
10.	Henry Carey (1793-1879) American sociologist	66	R	A	M		“Newton of social science” (Kate McKean, 1864) (Ѻ) “Newton of sociology” (Werner Stark, 1962) [5]
11.	Ludwig Buchner (1824-1899) German physicist-physician	48	R		C	— 110		German
12.	Baron d’Holbach (1723-1789)					— 31	“Newton of the atheists” (Ѻ)
13.	John Tukey (1915-2000) American chemist, mathematician, and statistician	9		CT		— 159
14.	Mehdi Bazargan (1907-1995) Iranian mechanical engineer LR:7|9	80		T				Farsi
15.	John Q. Stewart (1894-1972) American physicist turned social physicist	105		T
16.	Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932) German physical	165		CT	C	— 38
17.	Eugene Roeber (1867-1917) German-born American electrochemcial engineer
18.	William Rankine (1820-1872) Scottish engineer and mathematical physicist LTE:S	85		T		— 88
19.	Maurice Hauriou (1856-1929) French lawyer turned social philosopher	25		T				French
20.	Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) German philosopher LTE:S ↑↓	127	R	A	C	— 60
21.	Alfred Lotka (1880-1949)	117				— 72
22.	William Fairburn (1876-1947)	66				— 345
2#.	Kaj Lang (1896-1959) Danish chemical engineer			T
23.	Henry Bray (1846-1922) English-born American polymath	44		A		— 167	First Hmolpedia scholar wherein "social Newton term analysis" was performed; a technique later called Beg analysis (Thims, 2014).
24.	Lester Ward (1841-1913) American paleobotanist-trained sociologist	29		T			“American Aristotle” (Samuel Chugerman, 1939)
25.	Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)					— 257	His social physics work, building on the social mathematics of Marquis Condorcet (IQ:180|#149) (Cattell 1000:288), inspired the proposed Nightingale Chair of Social Physics.	French
26.	Ed Stephan (1939-2008) American sociologist ↓	20		CT
27.	Spiru Haret (1851-1912) Romanian mathematical physicist	26			C			French
28.	Emanuele Sella (1879-1946) Italian lawyer	25		T				Italian
29.	Guillaume de Greef (1842-1924) Belgian socialist	4						French
30.	George Scott (1921-2002) American organic chemist
31.	Arthur Iberall (1918-2002) American physicist and engineer ↑	35		T	M
32.	Julius Davidson (c.1875-c.1935) American economist	15		ST
33.	Elliott Montroll (1916-1983) American chemist, mathematician, and physicist ↓	13		T	M
34.	Nicolas Rashevsky (1899-1972) Russian-born American theoretical biologist and sociologist ↓	13						Russian
35.	Charles Fourier (1772-1837) French philosopher ↑↑	13					“Social Newton” + Social Principia (Moritz Kaufmann, 1874) [1] “Newton of the moral sciences” (Adam Ulam, 1976)	French
36.	Antonio Portuondo (1845-1927) Spanish civil engineer and mathematician	8		T				Spanish
37.	Eduard Sacher (1834-1903) Austrian science teacher ↑	13		T				German
38.	Enrique Fatigati (1845-1918) Spanish physicist, chemist, and thermodynamicist ↑	9		T				Spanish
39.	Francesco Algarotti (1712-1764) Italian natural philosopher	10					Argued, in his Newtonianism for the Ladies (1737), via Newtonian celestial mechanics logic, that: namely that the force of love decreases with distance of separation.
40.	Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austrian psychoanalyst	155		CT		— 70
41.	George Gore (1826-1908)
42.	Francis Edgeworth (1845-1926) Irish mathematical economist	19				— 186
43.	George Lundberg (1895-1966) American sociologist	23					“Secondary form” of social mechanism (Stark classification, 1962) “Newton of the social sciences” (Robert Bierstedt, 1981) (Ѻ)
44.	Georges Guillaume (1896-1969) Swiss-French economist ↑	13		T				French
45.	Ettore Majorana (1906-1938) Italian engineer and theoretical physicist	36				— 83		Italian
46.	Eugene Roberty (1843-1915) Russian positivism sociologist ↑↓	10		T				Russian, Spanish
47.	Teresa Brennan (1952-2003) Australian-American philosopher ↑↓	14		CT
48.	Albert Brisbane (1809-1890) American social theorist	6
49.	David Hume (1711-1776) Scottish philosopher	51				— 111	“Newton of moral sciences” (John Passmore, c.1960) (Ѻ) “Newton of the moral sciences” (Michael Foley, 1990)
50.	Auguste Comte (1798-1857)					— 71	“Newton of sociology” (1871) (Ѻ)
51.	Jean Sales (1741-1816) French philosopher ↑	58			M	— 67	Newton in Senegal (1777)	French
52.	Balfour Stewart (1828-1887) Scottish physicist	65		T			Social cannon ball model (1868)
53.	Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755)	39				— 225	“Newton of sociology” (Crane Brinton, 1950) (Ѻ)
54.	Honore Balzac (1799-1850) French novelist	19		A		— 306	See: Balzac feelings and affinity dialogue
55.	John Boodin (1869-1950) Swedish-born American philosopher	7
56.	John Desaguliers (1683-1744)						Was Newton's experimental assistant; his his The Newtonian System of the World: the Best Model of Government (1728), outlined a system of “Newtonian government”, arguing that the force of "attraction" exists in society as it does celestially, and that an ideal government should be a "natural government", run similar to celestial mechanics principles.
57.	James Madison (1751-1836)					— 147	Studied social physics at Princeton; wrote the US Constitution using Newtonian mechanics (i.e. Newtonian government)
58.	George Berkeley (1685-1753) Irish-born English philosopher					— 145	Known for a particular social physics brand of “Newtonian sociology”, defended by Bernard Cohen (1994) but refuted by Pitirim Sorokin (1928), which attempted to outline a theory of laws of motion of souls akin to the laws of motion of planets, i.e. that souls were governed by something similar a force like the law of gravity.
59.	Pierre Maupertuis (1698-1758)					— 49	Penned Venus Physics (1745), which may have been on the physics of love {?}; also: System of Nature: Essay on Organized Bodies (1751), which contrasts ideas on feelings and soul with atomistic materialism ideas, from Epicurus to Descartes; his ideas that atoms “feel” attraction and repulsion, and possibly use of the material imagination theory, sometimes leads to comparisons with Goethe and his Elective Affinities.
60.	Albert Weiss (1879-1931)						His Theoretical Basis for Human Behavior, defined a human as a “geometrical electron-proton pattern” (see: proton-electron configuration) or system, and human behavior as reduced to “movements between electron-proton systems”; went on to outline a “radical reductionism” form of behaviorism; his “rain-drop analogy” points to the need to deanthropomorphize our thinking about human movements.
61.	Carl Snyder (1869-1946) American chemistry historian, economist, and statistician ↑↑						Made a Gibbs and Goethe (+Empedocles) connection (1902), , wherein, citing Berthelot, stated that “line demarking the domains of organic and mineral chemism is a figment of the mind, the selfsame powers rule in each”, then published The World Machine: the First Phase, the Cosmic Mechanism (1907), and had a draft The Social Mechanism working.
62.	Lady Professor (c.1830-c.1885) English science professor						Her posthumous The Romance of Mathematics (1886) deals with social force, kinetic and potential energy, and science applied to sociology, government, and politics.
		CR		Δ	Hu

Léon Winiarski (1865-1915)	Antonio Portuondo (1845-1927)	Gustave Hirn (1815-1890)					Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932)	Georges Guillaume (c.1904-c.1974)	Francis Edgeworth (1845-1926)
Frederick Rossini (1899-1990)	Erwin Bauer (1890-1938)	Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968)					Mehdi Bazargan (1907-1995)	John Neumann (1903-1957)	Spiru Haret (1851-1912)
Robert Lindsay (1900-1985)	Teresa Brennan (1952-2003)	Jeffrey Wicken (1942-2002)					Arthur Iberall (1918-2002)	Morris Zucker (1892-.c.1972)	Ettore Majorana (1906-1938)
Ed Stephan (1939-2008)	Jeremy Adler (1947-)	Jurgen Mimkes (1939-)	The "ΘΔics" symbol, the icon found at the bottom of every Hmolpedia article, James Maxwell's famous coded shorthand for "thermodynamics", the science that governs the known universe, shown on a US one dollar bill, meaning, for the modern physical scientist, "In Thermodynamics We Trust" is our motto; substituted for the original 1956 now-defunct statement "In God We Trust", as adhered to in the belief systems of the general public (see: existence of God).				Sture Nordholm (1944-)	Reiner Kummel (1939-)	Adriaan de Lange (1945-)
Maurice Hauriou (1856-1929)	Enrique Serrano (1845-1918)	Eduard Sacher (c.1830-c.1910)	Henry Adams (1838-1918)	Yuri Tarnopolsky (1936-)	Lester Ward (1841-1913)	Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)	John Q. Stewart (1894-1972)	Henry Carey (1793-1879)	Nicolas Rashevsky (1899-1972)

An illustration of Jean Sales’ 1777 satirical play “Reasonable Drama”, aka Newton in Senegal, showing Newton, as “social Newton”, fictionally depicted as a vegetarian, eavesdropping on a conversation between a meat-eating Merman, a talking oyster, pleading for it’s life, amid which an African, who believes in a scarab-conceptualized god, enters the scene; at the end of which Newton reasons that he should only attempt to explain morality to the African, since he alone, with his type of belief system, might obtain a soul, or something along these lines.

“Many years ago in the brashness of youth the writer prepared an article [“Physical Laws and Social Phenomena”, 1927] on the possible use of physical principles and concepts in the description and understanding of social phenomena. He called attention to the earlier efforts of social scientists like Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Lester Ward to apply physical concepts and laws more or less directly to social explanation. He emphasized the difficulties encountered in the use of such analogies, e.g., the attempt to introduce a ‘social force’ analogous to ‘force’ in mechanics, overlooking the highly specific meaning attributed to the term in physics, not always clearly grasped by the nonphysicist and indeed for a long time not even too precisely clear to many physicists and engineers. It was only later that his attention was drawn to the ideas and criticisms of Vilfredo Pareto, who in his monumental work Treatise on General Sociology (1916) stresses in great detail the same difficulties.”

— Bruce Lindsay (1983), “Social Exemplifications of Physical Principles”

“The recurrence during the eighteenth century Enlightenment of the aspiration to be the ‘Newton of the moral sciences’ testifies to the prestige not just of celestial mechanics, but of the ‘experimental method’ more generally.”

— Stefan Collini (1993), ‘Introduction’ to C.P. Snow’s The Two Cultures [6]

“Pareto’s Treatise on General Sociology is the hardest boiled book I have ever read. Three times, since I passed my puberty, has my mind been made over. Once by a nexus of which Henry Adams was the center, once by a matrix of which [James] Frazer (Ѻ) (Ѻ) burned brightest, and once by a long study of genetics and evolution. Pareto is doing the job a fourth time, and far more vitally than any others.”

— Bernard DeVoto (1928), personal note reflection [8]

“The English Navy, Goethe tells us, had all its ropes manufactured each with a single red thread, twisted so intimately among the fibers of the rope, throughout its length from beginning to end, so that the red thread could be removed only by complete destruction of the rope. Even the shortest section of a rope of the Royal Navy could therefore be identified instantly by the red thread, always present and always visible. The ‘red thread’ has come to mean, in the German and Scandinavian languages, a subtle but vital theme, always present and always visible, which runs inexorably through a body. In this examination of texts of Goethe from 1809, of Henry Adams from 1909 and of Thomas Pynchon from 1973, we have, I think never lost the read thread.”

— Richard Schowen (1984), ‘Elective Affinities: Science, Certainty and Freedom in Goethe, Henry Adams and Thomas Pynchon’

“And now the astonishing and perturbing suspicion emerges that perhaps almost all that had passed for social science, political economy, politics, and ethics in the past may be brushed aside by future generations as mainly rationalizing. John Dewey has already reached this conclusion in regard to philosophy. Veblen and other writers have revealed the various unperceived presuppositions of the traditional political economy, and now comes an Italian sociologist, Vilfredo Pareto, who, in his huge [1912] treatise on general sociology, devotes hundreds of pages to substantiating a similar thesis affecting all the social sciences. This conclusion may be ranked by students of a hundred years hence [2021] as one of the several great discoveries of our age.”

— James Robinson (1921), Mind in the Making (Ѻ) (Ѻ)

“In order to judge of his system it is necessary to note one or two salient points in his conception of the constitution of man and the universe. Happiness he acknowledges is ‘our being's end and aim’; and the only true science which leads to its attainment is sociology. As the doctrine of the material movements in the universe has been fixed by Newton's discoveries, so too the laws which regulate the movements in the social world must first be ascertained before we can hope to render mankind happy. To become such a social Newton was undoubtedly Fourier's ambition, and this is the fundamental law of his social Principia.”

“My wish is to construct a system of sociology on the model of celestial mechanics, physics, and chemistry.”

“I can calculate the movements of stars, but not the madness of men.”

— Isaac Newton (c.1690), after losing his hat in a market collapse

“To suppose Darwin a Newton is to suppose biology to have reached a degree of theoretical development comparable to what of physics in the eighteenth century, which is preposterous.”

“Few people have the imagination for reality.”

— Goethe (Ѻ)

“If Carey fancied himself as the Newton of sociology, Simmel, in so far as he was a formalist, wanted to be its Euclid.”

— Werner Stark (1962), The Fundamental Forms of Social Thought [5]

“Why were the first human scientists so determined to be the Newton's of social theory? Surely, the activities of human beings are not like the motions of planets in their orbits, or rigid spheres rolling down inclined planes? Surely, they are far more like the behavior of living creatures? So why did the initial creators of the human sciences not rely on models from biology in their theory-building, rather than on implausible analogies with physics.”

— Stephen Toulmin (1998), “The Idol of Stability” [7]