In cosmological thermodynamics, Steven Frautschi (1933-) is an American theoretical physicist noted for []

Overview
In 1982, Frautschi, in his article-turned-chapter “Entropy in an Expanding Universe”, attempts to explain, in his own words: [1]

“How can disequilibrium, order, and in particular free energy supplies that enable life to maintain its organization emerge form an apparent chaotic early universe in thermal and chemical equilibrium.”

Frautschi, in his article, cites the following: Jacob Bekenstein, Paul Davies, Alan Guth, Stephen Hawking, David Layzer, Roger Penrose, in regards to black hole thermodynamics and the entropy of the universe (differentiating between what he classifies as: thermal entropy, chemical entropy, and gravitational entropy), and in the end makes a few passing statements about how this might connect the information entropy evolution theory of Edward Wiley and Daniel Brooks. His discussions on binding energy are fairly interesting and cogent.

Entropy gap theory
Shown adjacent is Frautschi's entropy versus time plot of the universe (1988-version), according to which the maximal possible entropy the universe Smax can have is supposedly gauged by the measure of black hole entropy, and the actual entropy S is the lower line, and the gap or difference between the two lines gives room for "ordered" structures to emerge, e.g. life, in a universe governed by the second law. Similar versions of the same plot, parodied off Frautschi's model, are found in the Daniel Brooks and Edward Wiley. [3] The graphical entropy gap model, supposedly, traces to the 1975 work of David Layzer. [4]


Frautschi's entropy gap model: a "schematic dependence of entropy S and maximum (equilibrium) energy Smax in the expanding universe" (1988); such that the gap between to the two line, Smax - S, represent the room for order in the universe, and that this is how life emerged in the context of the second law. [1]

Frautschi's entropy gap model: a "schematic dependence of entropy S and maximum (equilibrium) energy Smax in the expanding universe" (1988); such that the gap between to the two line, Smax - S, represent the room for order in the universe, and that this is how life emerged in the context of the second law. [1]

Education
Frautschi completed his AB in physics in 1954 at Harvard University and his PhD in physics at Stanford University in 1958, and became an professor of theoretical physics at California Institute of Technology, in the physical mathematics and astronomy division, in 1962, where he remains at present. [1]

References
1. (a) Frautschi, Steven. (1982). “Entropy in an Expanding Universe”, Science, 217:593-99.
(b) Frautschi, Steven. (1988). “Entropy in an Expanding Universe”, in: Entropy, Information, and Evolution: New Perspectives on Physical and Biological Evolution (pgs. 11-22), editors: Bruce H. Weber, Bruce H., David J. Depew, and James D. Smith. MIT Press.
2. Staff. (2006). “Interview with Steven C. Frautschi”, CalTech.edu.
3. Brooks, Daniel R. and Wilson, E.O. (1988). Evolution as Entropy: Toward a Unified theory of Biology. (ch. 2). University of Chicago Press.
4. Layzer, David. (1975). “The Arrow of Time”, Scientific American, 233:56-69.

External links
● Steven Frautschi – Wikipedia.