The 1632 Galileo engine shown with nearly broken hemp cords, which is kind of how Galileo tentatively thought what would happen if one filled the above piston and cylinder with air or water and then pulled on handle K until the seal broke, meaning that the "cord of water or air" had been broken, NOT that a vacuum had been formed, as this contradicted the nature abhors a vacuum dictum. [2] |
“If hemp or steel cords break under excessive weight, what doubt could we have that a cord of water will likewise break? In fact, it will break more easily, insofar as the parts of water, becoming separated from one another, do not have to overcome resistances other than that of the vacuum that is created at the moment of division. This is because in the case of iron and other solids, there is a very strong and tenacious attachment of the parts that is absent in water.”— Galileo (1630), “Letter to Giovani Baliani” (ΡΊ), Aug 6
“In spite of its advance over its predecessors, the Newcomen engine was slow and inefficient. As has been said, it operated at atmospheric pressure or less. It used steam only to create by condensation a vacuum which allowed the atmosphere to press down upon the piston. Its working beam was balanced to rock again as the vacuum broke and steam reentered the cylinder. The expansive force in the steam was not used to push or pull anything.”— Richard Kirby (1956), Engineering in History (pg. 166) [1]